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A longitudinal study (or longitudinal survey, or panel study) is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables (e.g., people) over long periods of time (i.e., uses longitudinal data). It is often a type of observational study, although it can also be structured as longitudinal randomized experiment. [1]
Definition: Relationship between the longitudinal axis of fetus and mother: longitudinal (resulting in either cephalic or breech presentation) oblique (unstable, will eventually become either transverse or longitudinal) transverse (resulting in shoulder presentation) back up; back down (indication for vertical uterine incision during cesarean ...
One application of multilevel modeling (MLM) is the analysis of repeated measures data. Multilevel modeling for repeated measures data is most often discussed in the context of modeling change over time (i.e. growth curve modeling for longitudinal designs); however, it may also be used for repeated measures data in which time is not a factor.
Spatial coherence describes the correlation (or predictable relationship) between waves at different points in space, either lateral or longitudinal. [5] Temporal coherence describes the correlation between waves observed at different moments in time. Both are observed in the Michelson–Morley experiment and Young's interference experiment.
A cohort study is a particular form of longitudinal study that samples a cohort (a group of people who share a defining characteristic, typically those who experienced a common event in a selected period, such as birth or graduation), performing a cross-section at intervals through time.
The cross-lagged panel model is a type of discrete time structural equation model used to analyze panel data in which two or more variables are repeatedly measured at two or more different time points.
For electromagnetic waves in vacuum, the angular frequency is proportional to the wavenumber: =. This is a linear dispersion relation, in which case the waves are said to be non-dispersive. [1]
The longitudinal (or spin-lattice) relaxation time T 1 is the decay constant for the recovery of the z component of the nuclear spin magnetization, M z, towards its thermal equilibrium value, ,. In general,