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Ferdinand Marcos developed a cult of personality as a way of remaining President of the Philippines for 20 years, [1] [2] in a way that political scientists [who?] have compared to other authoritarian and totalitarian leaders such as Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler, [3] but also to more contemporary dictators such as Suharto in Indonesia, Saddam Hussein in Iraq, and the Kim dynasty of North Korea.
The Imperial Presidency is a nonfiction book by historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. It was published in 1973 by Houghton Mifflin and reissued in 2004. The book details the history of the presidency of the United States from its conception by the Founding Fathers through the latter half of the 20th century, primarily in the aspects of war powers.
The 1973 constitutional plebiscite was called to ratify the new constitution, but the validity of the ratification was brought to question because Marcos replaced secret ballot voting with a system of viva voce voting by "citizen's assemblies". [178]: 213 The ratification of the constitution was challenged in the Ratification Cases. [179] [180]
In American law, the unitary executive theory is a Constitutional law theory according to which the President of the United States has sole authority over the executive branch. [1] It is "an expansive interpretation of presidential power that aims to centralize greater control over the government in the White House". [ 2 ]
At 7:15 p.m. on September 23, 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos announced on television that he had placed the Philippines under martial law, [1] [2] stating he had done so in response to the "communist threat" posed by the newly founded Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), and the sectarian "rebellion" of the Muslim Independence Movement (MIM).
Imperial presidency is a term applied to the modern presidency of the United States.It became popular in the 1960s and served as the title of a 1973 book by historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., who wrote The Imperial Presidency to address two concerns: that the presidency was uncontrollable and that it had exceeded its constitutional limits. [1]
Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. [3] [4] States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have some times been characterized as "hybrid democracies", "hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritarian" states. [5] [6] [7]
In Chapter 5, Story gives his nineteen rules of interpretation of the Constitution. Chapters 6 through 43 deal with all the provisions of the original Constitution of the United States. Chapter 25 deals with the constitutionality of a national bank. Chapter 26 deals with the authority of Congress to make roads, canals, and other internal ...