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The APZ (Abnormal Mental States) questionnaire is one of the most widely used psychometric scales for assessing subjective experiences of altered states of consciousness. [1] First published in 1998 by Adolf Dittrich, the APZ questionnaire comprises three dimensions: "Oceanic Boundlessness (OSE)", "Dread of Ego Dissolution (AIA)" and "Visionary ...
The Nine Consciousness is a concept in Buddhism, specifically in Nichiren Buddhism, [1] that theorizes there are nine levels that comprise a person's experience of life. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It fundamentally draws on how people's physical bodies react to the external world, then considers the inner workings of the mind which result in a person's actions.
Representation of consciousness from the 17th century by Robert Fludd, an English Paracelsian physician. Consciousness, at its simplest, is awareness of internal and external existence. [1] However, its nature has led to millennia of analyses, explanations, and debate by philosophers, scientists, and theologians. Opinions differ about what ...
For example, primary consciousness includes a person's experience of the blueness of the ocean, a bird's song, and the feeling of pain. Thus, primary consciousness refers to being mentally aware of things in the world in the present without any sense of past and future; it is composed of mental images bound to a time around the measurable present.
Sufficiently more evolved is the second layer of Damasio's theory, Core Consciousness. This emergent process occurs when an organism becomes consciously aware of feelings associated with changes occurring to its internal bodily state; it is able to recognize that its thoughts are its own, and that they are formulated in its own perspective. [1]
Higher consciousness (also called expanded consciousness) is a term that has been used in various ways to label particular states of consciousness or personal development. [1] It may be used to describe a state of liberation from the limitations of self-concept or ego , as well as a state of mystical experience in which the perceived separation ...
Edward B. Titchener is credited for the theory of structuralism. It is considered to be the first "school" of psychology. [3] [4] Because he was a student of Wilhelm Wundt at the University of Leipzig, Titchener's ideas on how the mind worked were heavily influenced by Wundt's theory of voluntarism and his ideas of association and apperception (the passive and active combinations of elements ...
Higher-order theories of consciousness postulate that consciousness consists in perceptions or thoughts about first-order mental states. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In particular, phenomenal consciousness is thought to be a higher-order representation of perceptual or quasi-perceptual contents, such as visual images.