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Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
Ductal carcinoma in situ, a condition sometimes called non-invasive or stage-zero breast cancer, is a very early finding of disease in the cells that line the milk ducts of the breast.
Invasive carcinoma NST is one of the most common types of all breast cancers, accounting for 55% of breast cancer incidence. [2] Of the invasive breast cancers, invasive carcinoma NST accounts for up to 75% of cases. [3] [4] It is also the most common form of breast cancer occurring in men, accounting for 85% of cases. [5] [6]
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), also known as intraductal carcinoma, is a pre-cancerous or non-invasive cancerous lesion of the breast. [1] [2] DCIS is classified as Stage 0. [3] It rarely produces symptoms or a breast lump that can be felt, typically being detected through screening mammography.
Lynparza patients had a 79.6% IDFS rate at six years, compared to 70.3% for placebo patients, with the drug reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer recurrence, second cancers, or death by 35%.
Most alternative cancer treatments have not been tested in proper clinical trials. Among studies that have been published, the quality is often poor. A 2006 review of 196 clinical trials that studied unconventional cancer treatments found a lack of early-phase testing, little rationale for dosing regimens, and poor statistical analyses. [11]
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