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Detection of unreachable code is a form of control flow analysis to find code that can never be reached in any possible program state. In some languages (e.g. Java [9]) some forms of unreachable code are explicitly disallowed. The optimization that removes unreachable code is known as dead code elimination.
For example, some would say that the use of an uninitialized variable's value in Java code is a syntax error, but many others would disagree [1] [2] ...
Off-by-one errors are common in using the C library because it is not consistent with respect to whether one needs to subtract 1 byte – functions like fgets() and strncpy will never write past the length given them (fgets() subtracts 1 itself, and only retrieves (length − 1) bytes), whereas others, like strncat will write past the length given them.
Here is an example of ANSI C code that will generally cause a segmentation fault on platforms with memory protection. It attempts to modify a string literal, which is undefined behavior according to the ANSI C standard. Most compilers will not catch this at compile time, and instead compile this to executable code that will crash:
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Using #pragma once allows the C preprocessor to include a header file when it is needed and to ignore an #include directive otherwise. This has the effect of altering the behavior of the C preprocessor itself, and allows programmers to express file dependencies in a simple fashion, obviating the need for manual management.
A unit test is code that is written to execute a specific function in the code to be tested and usually targets a small unit of code, such a single method or class. Using a combination of assert statements and other test statements, programmers can create suites of test cases in order to tell if a method or function is being executed properly. [5]