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Most of the Avestan corpus is composed in Young Avestan. These texts originated in a later stage of the Avestan period separated from the Old Avestan time by several centuries. [ 29 ] Due to a number of geographical references , there is a wide consensus that they were composed in the eastern portion of Greater Iran . [ 30 ]
Both Avestan haoma and Sanskrit soma derived from proto-Indo-Iranian * sauma.The root of the word haoma, hu-, and of soma, su-, suggests 'press' or 'pound'. [3]In Old Persian cuneiform it was known as 𐏃𐎢𐎶 hauma, as in the DNa inscription (c. 490 BC) which makes reference to "haoma-drinking Scythians" (Sakā haumavargā).
Avestan (/ ə ˈ v ɛ s t ən / ə-VESS-tən) [1] is the liturgical language of Zoroastrianism belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. [2] It was originally spoken during the Old Iranian period (c. 1500 – 400 BCE) [3] [f 1] by the Iranians living in the eastern portion of Greater Iran.
The Gathas (/ ˈ ɡ ɑː t ə z,-t ɑː z /) [1] are 17 hymns in the Avestan language from the Zoroastrian oral tradition of the Avesta, the oldest surviving text fragment of which dates from 1323 CE. [2] They are traditionally believed to have been composed by the prophet Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) himself. They form the core of the Zoroastrian ...
The Old Avestan material consists of the Gathas, the Yasna Haptanghaiti, and a number of manthras, namely the Ashem Vohu, the Ahuna Vairya and the Airyaman ishya.These Old Avestan texts are assumed to have been composed close together and must have crystallized early on, possibly due to the associating with Zarathustra himself. [12]
Its Middle Persian equivalent, as attested in the Pahlavi script texts of Zoroastrian tradition, is 𐭥𐭤𐭥𐭬𐭭 Wahman, which is a borrowing of the Avestan language expression and has the same meaning, and which continues in New Persian as بهمن Bahman and variants.
The neuter noun verethragna is related to Avestan verethra, 'obstacle' and verethragnan, 'victorious'. [5] Representing this concept is the divinity Verethragna, who is the hypostasis of "victory", and "as a giver of victory Verethragna plainly enjoyed the greatest popularity of old."
The relationship between Ameretat and Haurvatat is carries forward into the Younger Avesta (Yasna 1.2; 3.1; 4.1; 6.17; 7.26; 8.1 etc.; Yasht 1.15; 10.92).The Younger Avestan texts allude to their respective guardianships of plant life and water (comparable with the Gathic allusion to sustenence), but these identifications are only properly developed in later tradition (see below).