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Working on behalf of UNICEF, in 1992 sociologist Roger Hart created a model for thinking about youth participation as a continuum of activities. Entitled the "Ladder of Participation," this spectrum identifies eight types of youth participation ranging from tokenism and manipulation to engaging youth as partners. [7]
Roger A. Hart (born c. 1950) is a child-rights academic, and former Professor of Psychology and Geography at the City University of New York and co-director of the Children's Environments Research Group.
Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart FBA (/ h ɑːr t /; 18 July 1907 – 19 December 1992) was a British legal philosopher. One of the most influential legal theorists of the 20th century, he was instrumental in the development of the theory of legal positivism , which was popularised by his book, The Concept of Law .
She advocates that government projects and planning processes should involve the forms of citizen participation that she places higher on the ladder. [42] Her critical assault has become influential on current theory and practice of citizen participation in urban planning and government programs, and is an important piece of the participatory ...
The ladder of participation, which was theorised by the author Sherry Arnstein in 1996, provides an indication of the level of participation of citizen participation mechanisms. As explained by the organisation Organizing Engagement: "the Ladder of Citizen Participation is one of the most widely referenced and influential models in the field of ...
Ladder_of_citizen_participation,_Sherry_Arnstein.tiff (392 × 481 pixels, file size: 186 KB, MIME type: image/tiff) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons . Information from its description page there is shown below.
She defines citizen participation as the redistribution of power that enables the have-not citizens, presently excluded from the political and economic processes, to be deliberately included in the future. [1] Robert Silverman expanded on Arnstein's ladder of citizen participation with the introduction of his "citizen participation continuum ...
Among them, "A Ladder of Citizen Participation" (1969), [4] "Maximum Feasible Manipulation" [5] (1972) and "A Working Model for Public Participation" (1975). [6] Her first paper, in which she suggested different levels of public participation has a lasting impact in many areas of research, including geography, urban planning, public policy ...