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In calculus, integration by substitution, also known as u-substitution, reverse chain rule or change of variables, [1] is a method for evaluating integrals and antiderivatives. It is the counterpart to the chain rule for differentiation , and can loosely be thought of as using the chain rule "backwards."
Change of variables is an operation that is related to substitution. However these are different operations, as can be seen when considering differentiation or integration (integration by substitution). A very simple example of a useful variable change can be seen in the problem of finding the roots of the sixth-degree polynomial:
The substitution is described in most integral calculus textbooks since the late 19th century, usually without any special name. [5] It is known in Russia as the universal trigonometric substitution , [ 6 ] and also known by variant names such as half-tangent substitution or half-angle substitution .
Information bottleneck method; Inverse chain rule method ; Inverse transform sampling method (probability) Iterative method (numerical analysis) Jacobi method (linear algebra) Largest remainder method (voting systems) Level-set method; Linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method (molecular orbitals) Method of characteristics
In mathematics, a trigonometric substitution replaces a trigonometric function for another expression. In calculus, trigonometric substitutions are a technique for evaluating integrals. In this case, an expression involving a radical function is replaced with a trigonometric one. Trigonometric identities may help simplify the answer.
Note that the bounds of integration may as well be π and − π, as in the previous example, or any other pair of endpoints 2 π apart. The trick is to use the substitution z = e it where dz = ie it dt and hence =. This substitution maps the interval [0, 2π] to the unit circle.