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  2. Serial passage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_passage

    The process of serial passage yields a live vaccine. There are both advantages and disadvantages to this. Most notably, live vaccines are sometimes more effective and more long-lasting than inactivated or other types of vaccines. [10] [11] However, just as the virus evolved to become attenuated, it may reverse-evolve in the host, leading to ...

  3. Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporulation_in_Bacillus...

    The wrong decision can be catastrophic: a vegetative cell will die if the conditions are too harsh, while bacteria forming spores in an environment which is conducive to vegetative growth will be out competed. [3] In short, initiation of sporulation is a very tightly regulated network with numerous checkpoints for efficient control. [citation ...

  4. Endospore - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospore

    Under conditions of starvation, especially the lack of carbon and nitrogen sources, a single endospore forms within some of the bacteria through a process called sporulation. [15] When a bacterium detects environmental conditions are becoming unfavourable it may start the process of endosporulation, which takes about eight hours.

  5. Bacillus subtilis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis

    Bacillus subtilis (/ b ə ˈ s ɪ l. ə s s u b ˈ t iː. l i s /), [3] [4] known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium, found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, humans and marine sponges.

  6. Outline of infectious disease concepts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_infectious...

    The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to concepts related to infectious diseases in humans.. Infection – transmission, entry/invasion after evading/overcoming defense, establishment, and replication of disease-causing microscopic organisms (pathogens) inside a host organism, and the reaction of host tissues to them and to the toxins they produce.

  7. Vaccination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination

    Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop immunity from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. In stimulating the body's adaptive immunity, they help prevent sickness from an infectious disease.

  8. Clostridium botulinum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum

    C. botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium. [1] It is an obligate anaerobe, the organism survives in an environment that lacks oxygen.However, C. botulinum tolerates traces of oxygen due to the enzyme superoxide dismutase, which is an important antioxidant defense in nearly all cells exposed to oxygen. [7]

  9. Sterilization (microbiology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)

    Microorganisms growing on an agar plate. Sterilization (British English: sterilisation) refers to any process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life (particularly microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, spores, and unicellular eukaryotic organisms) and other biological agents (such as prions or viruses) present in fluid or on a specific surface or object. [1]