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Example calculation of a paternity index. In paternity testing, Paternity Index (PI) is a calculated value generated for a single genetic marker or locus (chromosomal location or site of DNA sequence of interest) and is associated with the statistical strength or weight of that locus in favor of or against parentage given the phenotypes of the tested participants and the inheritance scenario.
In the empirical sciences, the so-called three-sigma rule of thumb (or 3 σ rule) expresses a conventional heuristic that nearly all values are taken to lie within three standard deviations of the mean, and thus it is empirically useful to treat 99.7% probability as near certainty.
Five-9's (99.999%) means less than 5 minutes when the system is not operating correctly over the span of one year. Availability is only meaningful for supportable systems. As an example, availability of 99.9% means nothing after the only known source stops manufacturing a critical replacement part.
In probability and statistics, the 97.5th percentile point of the standard normal distribution is a number commonly used for statistical calculations. The approximate value of this number is 1.96 , meaning that 95% of the area under a normal curve lies within approximately 1.96 standard deviations of the mean .
This means that this "unlikely event" has a probability of 63.23% of happening if 1,000 independent trials are conducted. If the number of trials were increased to 10,000, the probability of it happening at least once in 10,000 trials rises to ( 1 − 0.999 10000 ≈ 0.99995, or ) 99.995%. In other words, a highly unlikely event, given enough ...
1 troy ounce of four nines fine gold (999.9) Nines are an informal logarithmic notation for proportions very near to one or, equivalently, percentages very near 100%. Put simply, "nines" are the number of consecutive nines in a percentage such as 99% (two nines) [1] or a decimal fraction such as 0.999 (three nines).
For any population probability distribution on finitely many values, and generally for any probability distribution with a mean and variance, it is the case that +, where Q(p) is the value of the p-quantile for 0 < p < 1 (or equivalently is the k-th q-quantile for p = k/q), where μ is the distribution's arithmetic mean, and where σ is the ...
Thus, a parent and child pair has a value of r=0.5 (sharing 50% of DNA), siblings have a value of r=0.5, a parent's sibling has r=0.25 (25% of DNA), and first cousins have r=0.125 (12.5% of DNA). These are often expressed in terms of a percentage of shared DNA but can be also popularly referred to as % of genes although that terminology is ...