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Polish remained the official language of the incorporated Polish-Lithuanian territories until the late 1830s. Later, it was fully replaced with Russian in the mid-1860s. A middle stage for the transition was the use of the Russian-style Cyrillic for writing Polish. [1]
Poles began writing in the 12th century using the Latin alphabet. [1] This alphabet, however, was ill-equipped to deal with Polish phonology, particularly the palatal consonants (now written as ś, ź, ć, dź), the retroflex group (now sz, ż, and cz) as well as the nasal vowels (now written as ą, ę).
The Polish alphabet (Polish: alfabet polski, abecadło) is the script of the Polish language, the basis for the Polish system of orthography. It is based on the Latin alphabet but includes certain letters (9) with diacritics : the acute accent – kreska : ć, ń, ó, ś, ź ; the overdot – kropka : ż ; the tail or ogonek – ą, ę ; and ...
The language is written using the Polish alphabet, which derives from the Latin alphabet, but includes some additional letters with diacritics. [ 1 ] : 6 The orthography is mostly phonetic, or rather phonemic—the written letters (or combinations of them) correspond in a consistent manner to the sounds, or rather the phonemes , of spoken Polish.
The Cyrillic letter Dwe, a commonly cited example of both Cyrillization and a native language's ability to influence its imposed writing system. Cyrillization or Cyrillisation is the process of rendering words of a language that normally uses a writing system other than Cyrillic script into (a version of) the Cyrillic alphabet.
There are several conventions for phonetic transcription using the Cyrillic script, typically augmented with Latin and Greek to fill in missing sounds.The details vary by author, and depend on which letters are available for the language of the text.
cyrillic subscript small letter byelorussian-ukrainian i 1e069 𞁩 cyrillic subscript small letter dze 1e06a 𞁪 cyrillic subscript small letter dzhe 1e06b 𞁫 modifier letter cyrillic small es with descender 1e06c 𞁬 modifier letter cyrillic small yeru with back yer 1e06d 𞁭 modifier letter cyrillic small straight u with stroke 1e08f 𞂏
Ł or ł, described in English as L with stroke, is a letter of the Polish, Kashubian, Kurdish, Sorbian, Belarusian Latin, Ukrainian Latin, Wymysorys, Navajo, Dëne Sųłıné, Inupiaq, Zuni, Hupa, Sm'álgyax, Nisga'a, and Dogrib alphabets, several proposed alphabets for the Venetian language, and the ISO 11940 romanization of the Thai script.