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In addition to being a mechanical engineer and government official, Lingzan was also an active scholar and artist. He wrote The Five-Planet and Twenty-eight Constellation Deities (Chinese: 五星二十八宿神形; pinyin: wǔxīng èrshíbāxiù shénxíng), of which a Song dynasty copy resides in the collection of the Osaka City Art Museum. [5]
In the end, the clock tower had many impressive features, such as the hydro-mechanical, rotating armillary sphere crowning the top level and weighing some 10 to 20 tons, [44] a bronze celestial globe located in the middle that was 4.5 feet in diameter, [44] mechanically timed and rotating mannequins dressed in miniature Chinese clothes that ...
The Mahāsāṃghika, translated into Chinese as the Móhēsēngzhī Lǜ (Taishō Tripiṭaka 1425) describes several units of time, including shùn or shùnqǐng (瞬頃; 'blink moment') and niàn. According to this text, niàn is the smallest unit of time at 18 milliseconds and a shùn is 360 milliseconds. [ 8 ]
Early incense clocks found in China between the 6th and 8th centuries CE seem to have Devanāgarī carvings on them rather than Chinese seal characters. American historian Edward Schafer speculates that the incense clocks were derived from India, transmitted to China. [3] However, no incense clock has been found in India.
The tower clock of Norwich Cathedral constructed c. 1273 (reference to a payment for a mechanical clock dated to this year) is the earliest such large clock known. The clock has not survived. [ 95 ] The first clock known to strike regularly on the hour, a clock with a verge and foliot mechanism, is recorded in Milan in 1336. [ 96 ]
Yi Xing also owed much to the scholarly followers of Ma Jun, who had employed horizontal jack-wheels and other mechanical toys worked by waterwheels. [4] The Daoist Li Lan was an expert at working with water clocks, creating steelyard balances for weighing water that was used in the tank of the clepsydra, [4] providing more inspiration for Yi Xing.
Experts believe the tomb was owned by a man who died in 736 AD at age 63, during the middle of the Tang dynasty, which ran from 618 to 907 AD.
Technology during the Tang period was built also upon the precedents of the past. The mechanical gear systems of Zhang Heng (78–139) and Ma Jun (fl. 3rd century) gave the Tang engineer, astronomer, and monk Yi Xing (683–727) inspiration when he invented the world's first clockwork escapement mechanism in 725. [22]