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A mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy. [2]
Later studies linked this phenomenon to the release of AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor) from the mitochondria and its translocation into the nucleus mediated by its NLS (nuclear localization signal). Inside the mitochondria, AIF is anchored to the inner membrane. In order to be released, the protein is cleaved by a calcium-dependent calpain ...
Without oxygen, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so ...
Mitophagy is the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy.It often occurs to defective mitochondria following damage or stress. The process of mitophagy was first described in 1915 by Margaret Reed Lewis and Warren Harmon Lewis. [1]
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles with the ability to fuse and divide , forming constantly changing tubular networks in most eukaryotic cells. These mitochondrial dynamics, first observed over a hundred years ago [ 1 ] are important for the health of the cell, and defects in dynamics lead to genetic disorders .
Once the mitochondria are isolated, mitoplasts can then be formed. Mitoplasts are most commonly formed using an apparatus called a French Press . As the mitochondria pass through the narrow valve of the French press, they experience extremely high pressures around 2,000 psi that rupture the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Aerobic prokaryotes, which lack mitochondria, use a variety of simpler mechanisms. Firstly, the NADH + H + generated by glycolysis has to be transferred to the mitochondrion to be oxidized, and thus to regenerate the NAD + necessary for glycolysis to continue. However the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and NAD +. [45]
When exposed to hypoxia/anoxia (no oxygen), most animals will see damage done to their mitochondria. [89] From some species, these conditions can happen due to environmental variables, such as low tides, [90] low temperatures, [91] or general living conditions, like living in a hypoxic underground burrow. [92]