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There are 2 ortho positions, 2 meta positions and 1 para position on benzene when a group is attached to it. When a group is an ortho / para director with ortho and para positions reacting with the same partial rate factor, we would expect twice as much ortho product as para product due to this statistical effect.
In organic chemistry, a directing group (DG) is a substituent on a molecule or ion that facilitates reactions by interacting with a reagent.The term is usually applied to C–H activation of hydrocarbons, where it is defined as a "coordinating moiety (an 'internal ligand'), which directs a metal catalyst into the proximity of a certain C–H bond."
The ortho effect also occurs when a meta-directing group is positioned in a meta arrangement relative to an ortho–para-directing group, a new substituent introduced into the molecule tends to preferentially occupy the ortho position relative to the meta-directing group rather than the para position.
Groups with unshared pairs of electrons, such as the amino group of aniline, are strongly activating (some time deactivating also in case of halides) and ortho/para-directing by resonance. Such activating groups donate those unshared electrons to the pi system, creating a negative charge on the ortho and para positions.
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An acetate is a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with a base (e.g. alkaline, earthy, metallic, nonmetallic or radical base). "Acetate" also describes the conjugate base or ion (specifically, the negatively charged ion called an anion) typically found in aqueous solution and written with the chemical formula C 2 H 3 O − 2.
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