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Indole can also be metabolized by the liver into indoxyl sulfate, a compound that is toxic in high concentrations and associated with vascular disease and renal dysfunction. [2] AST-120 ( activated charcoal ), an intestinal sorbent that is taken by mouth , adsorbs indole, in turn decreasing the concentration of indoxyl sulfate in blood plasma.
Indole is an organic compound with the formula C 6 H 4 CCNH 3. Indole is classified as an aromatic heterocycle. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered pyrrole ring. Indoles are derivatives of indole where one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by substituent groups.
The first indole alkaloid, strychnine, was isolated by Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou in 1818 from the plants of the genus Strychnos. The correct structural formula of strychnine was determined only in 1947, although the presence of the indole nucleus in the structure of strychnine was established somewhat earlier.
The decarboxylation of indole-3-acetate is chemically difficult since it leaves an unstable carbanion because of the direct elimination of CO 2. This chemical reaction is promoted by 1-electron oxidation of indole-3-acetate through a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), which requires the transfer of the indolic-NH proton to a suitably ...
The compound's structure is based on the indole structure, but in which a second benzene ring is fused onto the five-membered ring at the 2–3 position of indole (equivalent to the 9a–4a double bond in carbazole, respectively). Carbazole is a constituent of tobacco smoke. [3]
Immunotoxicology (sometimes abbreviated as ITOX) is the study of the toxicity of foreign substances called xenobiotics and their effects on the immune system. [1] Some toxic agents that are known to alter the immune system include: industrial chemicals, heavy metals, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, drugs, ultraviolet radiation, air pollutants and some biological materials.
The enzyme indolepyruvate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.74) catalyzes the chemical reaction. 3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate 2-(indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde + CO 2. This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the carboxy-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds.
Skatole or 3-methylindole is an organic compound belonging to the indole family. It occurs naturally in the feces of mammals and birds and is the primary contributor to fecal odor. In low concentrations , it has a flowery smell and is found in several flowers and essential oils , including those of orange blossoms , jasmine , and Ziziphus ...