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Hypoestrogenism, or estrogen deficiency, refers to a lower than normal level of estrogen. It is an umbrella term used to describe estrogen deficiency in various conditions. Estrogen deficiency is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, [1] and has been linked to diseases like urinary tract infections [2] and osteoporosis.
Aromatase deficiency is a rare condition characterized by extremely low levels or complete absence of the enzyme aromatase activity in the body. [2] It is an autosomal recessive disease resulting from various mutations of gene CYP19 (P450arom) which can lead to ambiguous genitalia and delayed puberty in females, continued linear growth into adulthood and osteoporosis in males and virilization ...
Under the proposal, the ICD-9-CM code sets would be replaced with the ICD-10-CM code sets, effective October 1, 2013. On April 17, 2012, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) published a proposed rule that would delay the compliance date for the ICD-10-CM and PCS by 12 months-from October 1, 2013, to October 1, 2014. [4]
Hypogonadism means diminished functional activity of the gonads—the testicles or the ovaries—that may result in diminished production of sex hormones.Low androgen (e.g., testosterone) levels are referred to as hypoandrogenism and low estrogen (e.g., estradiol) as hypoestrogenism.
Osteoporosis is defined by the National Institutes of Health as ‘‘a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing a person to an increased risk of fracture.’’ [19] Low estrogen levels and poor nutrition, especially low calcium intake, can lead to osteoporosis, the third aspect of the triad.
Additionally they recommend screening younger women with risk factors. [116] There is insufficient evidence to make recommendations about the intervals for repeated screening and the appropriate age to stop screening. [117] In men the harm versus benefit of screening for osteoporosis is unknown. [116]
Impaired negative feedback by estrogen on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis would account for the elevated estradiol and gonadotropin levels in the siblings and for the ovarian enlargement and cyst formation in the sisters. [6] All three siblings were homozygous for a missense mutation in the fifth coding exon of the ESR1 gene. [6]
The assay has a very good sensitivity (detection limit for 17β-estradiol in the YES assay about 5 x 10 −12 M or 1.4 ng/L), [1] [2] [4] and the microplate format requires only small amounts of sample. Analysis of native aqueous samples, concentrated environmental samples and chemicals or mixtures in solvents like ethanol or DMSO is possible.