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The most important risk factors for osteoporosis are advanced age (in both men and women) and female sex; estrogen deficiency following menopause or surgical removal of the ovaries is correlated with a rapid reduction in bone mineral density, while in men, a decrease in testosterone levels has a comparable (but less pronounced) effect.
Senile osteoporosis has been recently recognized as a geriatric syndrome with a particular pathophysiology. There are different classification of osteoporosis: primary, in which bone loss is a result of aging and secondary, in which bone loss occurs from various clinical and lifestyle factors. [1]
The most common cause of osteomalacia is a deficiency of vitamin D, which is normally derived from sunlight exposure and, to a lesser extent, from the diet. [10] The most specific screening test for vitamin D deficiency in otherwise healthy individuals is a serum 25(OH)D level. [ 11 ]
A pathologic fracture is a bone fracture caused by weakness of the bone structure that leads to decrease mechanical resistance to normal mechanical loads. [1] This process is most commonly due to osteoporosis, but may also be due to other pathologies such as cancer, infection (such as osteomyelitis), inherited bone disorders, or a bone cyst.
Being underweight is an established [21] risk factor for osteoporosis, even for young people. This is seen in individuals suffering from relative energy deficiency in sport , formerly known as female athlete triad: when disordered eating or excessive exercise cause amenorrhea, hormone changes during ovulation leads to loss of bone mineral density.
Osteopenia, known as "low bone mass" or "low bone density", is a condition in which bone mineral density is low. [1] Because their bones are weaker, people with osteopenia may have a higher risk of fractures, and some people may go on to develop osteoporosis. [2]
Estrogen deficiency is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, [1] and has been linked to diseases like urinary tract infections [2] and osteoporosis. In women, low levels of estrogen may cause symptoms such as hot flashes , sleeping disturbances , decreased bone health , [ 3 ] and changes in the genitourinary system .
People with only one copy of the gene mutation involved in this condition (heterozygotes) are at a higher risk of developing exudative vitreoretinopathy and having low bone density, which can consequently result in osteoporosis. [4]