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The polka dot sign is a radiological finding most commonly observed on axial computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the spine. [1] It is a hallmark feature of vertebral hemangiomas, a benign vascular tumor of the vertebral body. The sign refers to the appearance of multiple small, dot-like areas of sclerosis or ...
Vertebral hemangiomas are observed throughout any age, although most are diagnosed in people within their 50s alongside a higher presence in females with a 1:1.5 male-to-female ratio. They often present in the vertebral body of the thoracic and lumbar spine with potential to extend into the posterior arch. They can involve a single or multiple ...
This sign is most commonly identified on lateral radiographs or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine and is an important diagnostic marker for benign conditions such as vertebral hemangiomas. Patients with the typical ‘corduroy appearance’ is extremely rare clinically. [2]
A hemangioma can occur anywhere on the body, but most commonly appears on the face, scalp, chest or back. They tend to grow for up to a year before gradually shrinking as the child gets older. A hemangioma may need to be treated if it interferes with vision or breathing or is likely to cause long-term disfigurement.
Modic changes are a non-specific pathoanatomical marker observed on an MRI scan. For example, high blood pressure or high body temperature can be markers of several diseases. In 2008 the first hypothesis suggesting three possible pathogenetic reasons for Modic changes was published, a bacterial, a mechanical, and a rheumatological cause.
Small hemangioma on the scalp of a two-year-old female. Gradient-echo T2WI magnetic resonance imaging is most sensitive method for diagnosing cavernous hemangiomas. [21] MRI is such a powerful tool for diagnosis, it has led to an increase in diagnosis of cavernous hemangiomas since the technology's advent in the 1980s. [16]
Infantile hemangiomas are the most common type of vascular tumor to affect babies, [4] accounting for 90% of hemangiomas. [5] They are characterised by the abnormal proliferation of endothelial cells and of deviant blood vessel formation or architecture. [6] Hypoxic stress seems to be a major trigger for this. [7]
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a cavernous hemangioma that arises in the central nervous system.It can be considered to be a variant of hemangioma, and is characterized by grossly large dilated blood vessels and large vascular channels, less well circumscribed, and more involved with deep structures, with a single layer of endothelium and an absence of neuronal tissue within the lesions.