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Board of Education, which affirmed that the legal doctrine of separation of church and state also applied at the state and local government levels, was motivated by anti-Catholic feelings. That opinion was authored by Justice Hugo L. Black, who was an admirer of Blanshard. [10] Some progressives compared parochial education to racial segregation.
In 1852, Massachusetts was the first U.S. state to pass a compulsory universal public education law. In particular, the Massachusetts General Court required every town to create and operate a grammar school. Fines were imposed on parents who did not send their children to school, and the government took the power to take children away from ...
Board of Education unanimously declared that separate facilities were inherently unequal and unconstitutional. By the 1970s segregated districts had practically vanished in the South. Monroe Elementary School, a formerly-segregated elementary school in Topeka, Kansas noted for its role in Brown v. Board of Education
Public schools for girls are opened in order to enforce the law of compulsory education for girls in practice. [152] Uruguay Universities open to women. [170] Nicaragua The first woman obtains a university degree. [186] 1918: Thailand Universities open to women. [256] 1920: Portugal Secondary schools open to women. [219] China
United States: In 1893, the South Carolina General Assembly "mandated that women should be allowed to attend [ South Carolina College] as special students". (Two years later, the college's Board of Trustees made the decision to allow female students into the school.) [152] [153] 1894. Norway: Married women given right to engage in commerce. [23]
All the New England colonies required towns to set up schools. The Mayflower Pilgrims made a law in Plymouth Colony that each family was responsible to teach their children how to read and write, for the express purpose of reading the Bible. In 1642, the Massachusetts Bay Colony made education compulsory, and other New England colonies followed.
By 1875, the compulsory labor requirement was dropped, but male students were to have an hour per day of military training in order to meet the requirements of the Morrill Land Grant College Act. In the early years the agricultural curriculum was not well developed, and politicians in Harrisburg often considered it a costly and useless experiment.
Deep Like Rivers: Education in the Slave Quarter Community 1831–1865. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Woodson, C.G. (1915). The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861: A History of the Education of the Colored People of the United States from the Beginning of Slavery to the Civil War. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.