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John Wesley Hyatt created the winning replacement, which he created with a new material he invented, called camphored nitrocellulose—the first thermoplastic, better known as celluloid. The invention enjoyed a brief popularity, but the Hyatt balls were extremely flammable, and sometimes portions of the outer shell would explode upon impact.
Celluloids are a class of materials produced by mixing nitrocellulose and camphor, often with added dyes and other agents.Once much more common for its use as photographic film before the advent of safer methods, celluloid's common present-day uses are for manufacturing table tennis balls, musical instruments, combs, office equipment, fountain pen bodies, and guitar picks.
Nobel's patent specified that the nitrocellulose should be "of the well-known soluble kind". He offered to sell the rights of the new explosive to the French government, but they declined. Modern research shows that Vieille already discovered it in 1884-1885, about the same time as his Poudre B , and noted its high flame temperatures leading to ...
In the 1860s, John Wesley Hyatt of Albany, New York acquired British chemist Alexander Parkes's 1855 patent for Parkesine, an early polymer, made of nitrocellulose, oil and various solvents. [1] Parkes's own attempt to build a business around the new material, the first industrial plastic , had failed by 1868.
Crystalate is an early plastic, a formulation of nitrocellulose, camphor, and alcohol invented in the late 19th century [1] and patented by American inventor George Henry Burt. [2]
In contrast, insoluble in alcohol, nitrocellulose was known as gun cotton and was used as an explosive. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Nobel's patent refers to the production of Celluloid using camphor and soluble nitrocellulose; and this was taken to imply that Nobel was specifically distinguishing between the use of soluble and insoluble nitrocellulose. [ 14 ]
In 1884, Paul Vieille invented a smokeless powder called Poudre B (short for poudre blanche, white powder, as distinguished from black powder) [7]: 289–292 made from 68.2% insoluble nitrocellulose, 29.8% soluble nitrocellulose gelatinized with ether and 2% paraffin. This was adopted for the Lebel rifle chambered in 8×50mmR Lebel.
The company manufactured cellulose nitrate (also known as nitrocellulose, guncotton, and several other names), a highly flammable material that was the first man-made plastic. [ 5 ] [ 8 ] Finished cellulose nitrate was piled in 50-by-20-inch (127 by 51 cm) sheets in surrounding buildings.