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  2. C3 linearization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3_linearization

    Python's Guido van Rossum summarizes C3 superclass linearization thus: [11] Basically, the idea behind C3 is that if you write down all of the ordering rules imposed by inheritance relationships in a complex class hierarchy, the algorithm will determine a monotonic ordering of the classes that satisfies all of them.

  3. Python syntax and semantics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics

    Python supports a wide variety of string operations. Strings in Python are immutable, so a string operation such as a substitution of characters, that in other programming languages might alter the string in place, returns a new string in Python. Performance considerations sometimes push for using special techniques in programs that modify ...

  4. Attribute grammar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute_grammar

    For example, we can use an inherited attribute to keep track of whether an identifier appears on the left or the right side of an assignment in order to decide whether the address or the value of the identifier is needed. In contrast to synthesized attributes, inherited attributes can take values from parent and/or siblings.

  5. Duck typing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_typing

    Duck typing is similar to, but distinct from, structural typing.Structural typing is a static typing system that determines type compatibility and equivalence by a type's structure, whereas duck typing is dynamic and determines type compatibility by only that part of a type's structure that is accessed during runtime.

  6. Iterator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterator

    In Python, a generator is an iterator constructor: ... Indeed, both iterators and collections inherit from a common base trait - scala.collection.TraversableOnce.

  7. Liskov substitution principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liskov_substitution_principle

    Liskov's notion of a behavioural subtype defines a notion of substitutability for objects; that is, if S is a subtype of T, then objects of type T in a program may be replaced with objects of type S without altering any of the desirable properties of that program (e.g. correctness).

  8. Object-oriented programming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming

    Simula introduced important concepts that are today an essential part of object-oriented programming, such as class and object, inheritance, and dynamic binding. [10] The object-oriented Simula programming language was used mainly by researchers involved with physical modelling , such as models to study and improve the movement of ships and ...

  9. is-a - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is-a

    The following python code establishes an explicit inheritance relationship between classes B and A, where B is both a subclass and a subtype of A, and can be used as an A wherever a B is required. class A : def do_something_a_like ( self ): pass class B ( A ): def do_something_b_like ( self ): pass def use_an_a ( some_a ): some_a . do_something ...