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  2. Investiture Controversy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investiture_Controversy

    Woodcut of a medieval king investing a bishop with the symbols of office, Philip Van Ness Myers, 1905. The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest (German: Investiturstreit, pronounced [ɪnvɛstiˈtuːɐ̯ˌʃtʁaɪt] ⓘ) was a conflict between the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops (investiture) [1] and abbots of monasteries and the ...

  3. Pope Gregory VII - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII

    One of the great reforming popes, he initiated the Gregorian Reform, and is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Emperor Henry IV to establish the primacy of papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the College of Cardinals. He was also at the forefront of ...

  4. List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people...

    The first was on 22 February 1076 over the Investiture Controversy. This excommunication was lifted on 28 January 1077 after Henry's public show of penitence known as the Road to Canossa. His second excommunication by Gregory was on 7 March 1080, and the third was in 1084 or 1085. Urban II excommunicated Henry in 1088.

  5. Christianity in the 11th century - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th...

    The Investiture Controversy, or Lay investiture controversy, was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, and Pope Gregory VII concerning who would appoint bishops (investiture). The end of lay investiture threatened ...

  6. History of the papacy (1048–1257) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048...

    The Investiture Controversy was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe.It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, and the Gregorian Papacy concerning who would control appointments of church officials (investiture).

  7. History of the papacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_papacy

    The history of the papacy from 1048 to 1257 would continue to be marked by conflict between popes and the Holy Roman Emperor, most prominently the Investiture Controversy, a dispute over who—pope or emperor—could appoint bishops within the Empire.

  8. Concordat of Worms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat_of_Worms

    The Concordat of Worms, written in Papal minuscule on Vellum. The Concordat of Worms (Latin: Concordatum Wormatiense; German: Wormser Konkordat), also referred to as the Pactum Callixtinum or Pactum Calixtinum, was an agreement between the Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire which regulated the procedure for the appointment of bishops and abbots in the Empire.

  9. Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor

    The conflict between the two ideas reached its pinnacle during Henry IV's reign, developing into the confrontation known as the Investiture Controversy. [12] Germany, Italy and Burgundy were composed of semi-independent provinces, each administered by a prelate or a lay aristocrat. [13]