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A few Arctic-Alpine species have subspecies in the British Isles, some have been in the islands since the last Ice Age, but many spread in the immediate Sub-Arctic conditions as the ice retreated. Furthermore, these species were later reinforced by newer arrivals as the climate assumed temperatures and conditions more similar to the present day.
Outside this area, unless spread naturally it is considered non-native, usually as a result of cultivation. Britain and Ireland have few endemic trees, most being micro-species of Whitebeam. But there are some interesting endemic trees nevertheless. Apomictic Whitebeams endemic to the British Isles: Sorbus arranensis – Isle of Arran only.
Some suffer because of loss of habitat, but many are in decline following the introduction of foreign species, which out-compete the native species or carry disease. See also the list of extinct animals of the British Isles. This list includes the 116 species identified as requiring action plans in the Biodiversity Steering Group's report of ...
The grey squirrel is an introduced species in Great Britain, where it threatens the country's native red squirrel population. Islands, such as the British Isles, can be adversely affected by the introduction of non-native species. Often an island will have several distinct species not present on the nearest mainland, and vice versa.
The lists (spread across multiple pages due to size) give an English name and a scientific name for each species, and two symbols are used to indicate status (e for extinct species, and * for introduced species). List of the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland (ferns and allies) covers ferns and allies (Lycopodiopsida, Equisetopsida and ...
a species that colonised the islands during the glacial retreat at the end of the last ice age (c. 9500 years ago); a species that was present when the English Channel was created (c. 8000 years ago); or, a species that was present in prehistory. This list includes mammals from the small islands around Great Britain and the Channel Islands.
The mild winters mean that many species that cannot cope with harsher conditions can winter in Britain, and also that there is a large influx of wintering birds from the European continent and beyond. There are about 250 species regularly recorded in Great Britain, and another 350 that occur with varying degrees of rarity.
This is a list of extinct animals of the British Isles, including extirpated species. Only a small number of the listed species are globally extinct (most famously the Irish elk, great auk and woolly mammoth). Most of the remainder survive to some extent outside the islands.