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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Hardnesses of the elements" data page – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( June 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message )
Bearing metals and other very soft or thin materials: 130: 500 R: HRR: 60: 1 ⁄ 2 in (12.70 mm) ball: Thermoplastics, bearing metals, and other very soft or thin materials: 130: 500 S: HRS: 100: 1 ⁄ 2 in (12.70 mm) ball: Bearing metals and other very soft or thin materials: 130: 500 V: HRV: 150: 1 ⁄ 2 in (12.70 mm) ball: Bearing metals and ...
ISO 18265: "Metallic materials — Conversion of hardness values" (2013) ASTM E140-12B(2019)e1: "Standard Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Scleroscope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness" (2019)
Mohs hardness kit, containing one specimen of each mineral on the ten-point hardness scale. The Mohs scale (/ m oʊ z / MOHZ) of mineral hardness is a qualitative ordinal scale, from 1 to 10, characterizing scratch resistance of minerals through the ability of harder material to scratch softer material.
The toughness of a material is the maximum amount of energy it can absorb before fracturing, which is different from the amount of force that can be applied. Toughness tends to be small for brittle materials, because elastic and plastic deformations allow materials to absorb large amounts of energy. Hardness increases with decreasing particle size.
A material is also considered hard if it resists plastic deformation. If a material has short covalent bonds, atomic dislocations that lead to plastic deformation are less likely to occur than in materials with longer, delocalized bonds. If a material contains many delocalized bonds it is likely to be soft. [10]
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Therefore hardness can be characterized at many different length scales, from hard materials like ceramics to soft materials like polymers. The earliest work was finished by Bulychev, Alekhin, Shorshorov in the 1970s, who determined that Young's modulus of a material can be determined from the slope of a force vs. displacement indentation curve ...