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At the triple junction each of the three boundaries will be one of three types – a ridge (R), trench (T) or transform fault (F) – and triple junctions can be described according to the types of plate margin that meet at them (e.g. fault–fault–trench, ridge–ridge–ridge, or abbreviated F-F-T, R-R-R).
Examples of trench measurements then follow. The key properties of trench structures are trench depth, critical dimensions, plus profile (or sidewall angle). The term "critical dimension" is usually abbreviated as "CD". CDs signify widths of the trench at various levels inside the trench – top, middle, and bottom of trench.
The subduction of bathymetric highs such as aseismic ridges, oceanic plateaus, and seamounts has been posited as the primary driver of flat slab subduction. [3] The Andean flat slab subduction zones, the Peruvian slab and the Pampean (Chilean) flat slab, are spatially correlated with the subduction of bathymetric highs, the Nazca Ridge and the Juan Fernandéz Ridge, respectively.
[11] [12] Marianas Trench is an example of a deep slab, thereby creating the deepest trench in the world established by a steep slab angle. [13] Slab breakoff occurs during a collision between oceanic and continental lithosphere, [14] allowing for a slab tear; an example of slab breakoff occurs within the Himalayan subduction zone. [4]
The topographic expression of the accretionary wedge forms a lip, which may dam basins of accumulated materials that, otherwise, would be transported into the trench from the overriding plate. Accretionary wedges are the home of mélange , intensely deformed packages of rocks that lack coherent internal layering and coherent internal order.
The Aleutian Trench, of the southern coast of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, where the North American plate overrides the Pacific plate, has generated many major earthquakes throughout history, several of which generated Pacific-wide tsunamis, [22] including the 1964 Alaska earthquake; at magnitude 9.1–9.2, it remains the largest recorded ...
The fracture zones of the Chile Rise trend in a west to east fashion with the most southern ones taking a slightly more southwest to northeast orientation. This non-perpendicular relation to Chile's coast reflects the oblique subduction of Nazca plate under southern Chile.
A gas main being laid in a trench. A trench is a type of excavation or depression in the ground that is generally deeper than it is wide (as opposed to a swale or a bar ditch), and narrow compared with its length (as opposed to a simple hole or pit). [1] In geology, trenches result from erosion by rivers or by geological movement of tectonic ...