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In medicine and pharmacology, a trough level or trough concentration (C trough) is the concentration reached by a drug immediately before the next dose is administered, [1] [2] often used in therapeutic drug monitoring.
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a branch of clinical chemistry and clinical pharmacology that specializes in the measurement of medication levels in blood. Its main focus is on drugs with a narrow therapeutic range , i.e. drugs that can easily be under- or overdosed. [ 1 ]
The 2024–25 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers the prime time hours from September 2024 to August 2025. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled after the 2023–24 television season .
Infliximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody biologic. It seems to work by binding to and neutralizing TNF-α, preventing it from interacting with its receptors on the cell. [23] TNF-α is a chemical messenger and a key part of the autoimmune reaction. Infliximab was originally developed in mice as a mouse antibody.
The incidence of developing these antibodies is highest in patients receiving intermittent therapy with infliximab, and lowest in patient receiving continuous therapy and concomitant immunosuppressive therapy. Some suggest that the presence of these antibodies causes a decrease in efficacy of infliximab and increased risk of infusion reactions.
The anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody infliximab is a major biological therapy for inflammatory bowel diseaseBiological therapy, the use of medications called biopharmaceuticals or biologics that are tailored to specifically target an immune or genetic mediator of disease, plays a major role in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. [1]
non-small cell lung cancer: Anatumomab mafenatox [17] Fab: mouse: Tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG-72) non-small cell lung cancer: Andecaliximab [18] mab: chimeric: gelatinase B: gastric cancer or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma Anetumab ravtansine [4] mab: human: mesothelin (MSLN) cancer Anifrolumab [4] Saphnelo: mab: human: IFN ...
A clinical research associate (CRA), also called a clinical monitor or trial monitor, is a health-care professional who performs many activities related to medical research, particularly clinical trials. Clinical research associates work in various settings, such as pharmaceutical companies, medical research institutes and government agencies.