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Silver and most silver compounds have an oligodynamic effect and are toxic for bacteria, algae, and fungi in vitro. The antibacterial action of silver is dependent on the silver ion. [12] The effectiveness of silver compounds as an antiseptic is based on the ability of the biologically active silver ion (Ag +
The metabolism of bacteria is adversely affected by silver ions at concentrations of 0.01–0.1 mg/L. Therefore, even less soluble silver compounds, such as silver chloride , also act as bactericides or germicides, but not the much less soluble silver sulfide .
Positive silver ions are produced in environments beneficial for the growth of bacteria. [1] These positive silver ions physically interact with cell wall proteins resulting in membrane disruption and cell death. [1] Silver nanoparticles embedded into a cationic polymer have displayed activity against E.coli and S.aureus. [3]
[115] [116] The silver ion is bioactive and in sufficient concentration readily kills bacteria in vitro. Silver ions interfere with enzymes in the bacteria that transport nutrients, form structures, and synthesise cell walls; these ions also bond with the bacteria's genetic material.
The ions bond electrostatically with negative sites on bacterial cell walls and denature proteins. [2] Over the long term, the presence of copper and silver ions destroy biofilms and slimes that can harbor Legionella, the bacteria responsible for Legionnaires' disease (legionellosis). [6]
Silver also leads to UV inactivation of bacteria and viruses because silver ions are photoactive in the presence of UV-A and UV-C irradiation. Cysteine and silver ions form a complex that leads to the inactivation of Haemophilus influenzae phage and bacteriophage MS2. [37]