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El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global climate phenomenon that emerges from variations in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific Ocean. Those variations have an irregular pattern but do have some semblance of cycles. The occurrence of ENSO is not predictable.
The first attempts to model ENSO were made by Bjerknes in 1969, [6] who understood that ENSO is the result of an ocean-atmosphere interaction (Bjerknes feedback).In 1975 an important step in ENSO comprehension was made by Wyrtki, [7] who improved the Bjerknes model realising that the warm water build-up in the western Pacific is due to a strengthening in the trade winds, and that an El Niño ...
Ensō (c. 2000) by Kanjuro Shibata XX.Some artists draw ensō with an opening in the circle, while others close the circle.. In Zen art, an ensō (円 相, "circular form") [1] is a circle hand-drawn in one or two uninhibited brushstrokes to express the Zen mind, which is associated with enlightenment, emptiness, freedom, and the state of no-mind.
A term used to describe the uncertainties and errors associated with long-term forecasts of the El Nino Southern Oscillation is known as the “spring predictability barrier."
La Niña is a part of a natural climate cycle officially known as El Niño – Southern Oscillation, called ENSO by scientists. The cycle swings between warmer and cooler seawater in a region ...
By April, the ENSO became fully established; a column of warm water extended to the surface in the middle of the Pacific Ocean and water anomalies exceeded 5 °C (9.0 °F) about 150 m (490 ft) below the ocean surface. At the surface off the coast of Peru, water temperatures averaged 3 °C (5.4 °F) above normal. [8]
The multivariate ENSO index, abbreviated as MEI, is a method used to characterize the intensity of an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. Given that ENSO arises from a complex interaction of a variety of climate systems, MEI is regarded as the most comprehensive index for monitoring ENSO since it combines analysis of multiple meteorological and oceanographic components.
ENSO tends to lead PDO cycling. Shifts in the IPO change the location and strength of ENSO activity. The South Pacific convergence zone moves northeast during El Niño and southwest during La Niña events. The same movement takes place during positive IPO and negative IPO phases respectively. (Folland et al., 2002)