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Gilbert cloud chamber, assembled An alternative view of kit contents. The lab contained a cloud chamber allowing the viewer to watch alpha particles traveling at 12,000 miles per second (19,000,000 m/s), a spinthariscope showing the results of radioactive disintegration on a fluorescent screen, and an electroscope measuring the radioactivity of different substances in the set.
Field ion microscope image of the end of a sharp platinum needle. Each bright spot is a platinum atom. The field-ion microscope (FIM) was invented by Müller in 1951. [1] It is a type of microscope that can be used to image the arrangement of atoms at the surface of a sharp metal tip.
Platinum is a chemical element; it has symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal. Its name originates from Spanish platina, a diminutive of plata "silver". [7] [8] Platinum is a member of the platinum group of elements and group 10 of the periodic table of ...
The company was founded in 1939 by William M. "Bill" Lester (1908-2005) and his first wife, Betty L (Lubarsky). [1] Rapidly establishing itself as a “leading contractor of custom-made parts and products in plastic” [2] Pyro employed the injection molding method for forming plastic shapes, which Lester had perfected in the early 1930s. [3]
Atom localization deals with estimating the position of an atom using techniques of quantum optics with increasing precision. This field finds its origins in the thought experiment by Werner Heisenberg called Heisenberg's microscope, [1] which is commonly used as an illustration of Heisenberg's Uncertainty relation in quantum mechanics textbooks. [2]
In a simulation, the potential energy of an atom, , is given by [3] = (()) + (), where is the distance between atoms and , is a pair-wise potential function, is the contribution to the electron charge density from atom of type at the location of atom , and is an embedding function that represents the energy required to place atom of type into the electron cloud.
Fission product yields by mass for thermal neutron fission of U-235 and Pu-239 (the two typical of current nuclear power reactors) and U-233 (used in the thorium cycle). This page discusses each of the main elements in the mixture of fission products produced by nuclear fission of the common nuclear fuels uranium and plutonium.
The simplest form of coarse-graining is the united atom (sometimes called extended atom) and was used in most early MD simulations of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. For example, instead of treating all four atoms of a CH 3 methyl group explicitly (or all three atoms of CH 2 methylene group), one represents the whole group with one pseudo ...