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Normalization is an annealing process applied to ferrous alloys to give the material a uniform fine-grained structure and to avoid excess softening in steel. It involves heating the steel to 20–50 °C above its upper critical point, soaking it for a short period at that temperature and then allowing it to cool in air.
41xx steel is a family of SAE steel grades, as specified by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Alloying elements include chromium and molybdenum , and as a result these materials are often informally referred to as chromoly steel (common variant stylings include chrome-moly , cro-moly , CrMo , CRMO , CR-MOLY , and similar).
Comparison of steel grades by chemistry [4] [5] [6] EN steel number (Europe) EN steel name (Europe) ASTM grade (USA) AISI/SAE grade (USA) UNS (USA) DIN (Germany) BS (UK) UNI (Italy) JIS (Japan) Carbon steels 1.1141 1.0401 1.0453: C15D C18D: 1010 1018: CK15 C15 C16.8: 040A15 080M15 080A15 EN3B: C15 C16 1C15: S12C S15 S15CK S15C 1.0503 1.1191 1. ...
Steel that has been heated above its upper critical temperature and then cooled in standing air is called normalized steel. Normalized steel consists of pearlite, martensite, and sometimes bainite grains, mixed together within the microstructure. This produces steel that is much stronger than full-annealed steel, and much tougher than tempered ...
Normalizing not only produces pearlite but also martensite and sometimes bainite, which gives harder and stronger steel but with less ductility for the same composition than full annealing. In the normalizing process the steel is heated to about 40 degrees Celsius above its upper critical temperature limit, held at this temperature for some ...
In one study, strain hardening exponent values extracted from tensile data from 58 steel pipes from natural gas pipelines were found to range from 0.08 to 0.25, [1] with the lower end of the range dominated by high-strength low alloy steels and the upper end of the range mostly normalized steels.