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English: Gray, blue, red, green, light green, black graph papers with 1 cm–0.5 cm–1 mm grids (page size: A4) in printable PDF format. Date 25 July 2013, 18:04:17
A hydroxide ion acting as a nucleophile in an S N 2 reaction, converting a haloalkane into an alcohol. In chemistry, a nucleophile is a chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair. All molecules and ions with a free pair of electrons or at least one pi bond can act as nucleophiles. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they ...
English: Gray, blue, red, green, black graph papers with 1 inch–0.5 inch–1/12 inch grids (page size: US Letter) in printable PDF format. Date 25 July 2013, 18:02:35
The nucleophile may be electrically neutral or negatively charged, whereas the substrate is typically neutral or positively charged. An example of nucleophilic substitution is the hydrolysis of an alkyl bromide , R-Br under basic conditions, where the attacking nucleophile is hydroxyl ( OH − ) and the leaving group is bromide ( Br − ).
Hexagonal paper shows regular hexagons instead of squares. These can be used to map geometric tiled or tesselated designs among other uses. Isometric graph paper or 3D graph paper is a triangular graph paper which uses a series of three guidelines forming a 60° grid of small triangles. The triangles are arranged in groups of six to make hexagons.
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The case for S N 2 reactions is quite different, as the lack of solvation on the nucleophile increases the rate of an S N 2 reaction. In either case (S N 1 or S N 2), the ability to either stabilize the transition state (S N 1) or destabilize the reactant starting material (S N 2) acts to decrease the ΔG ‡ activation and thereby increase the ...
Click on the image to view in full size. Figure 1. Sample Gran plots using data from Butler (1998). Note that the filled circles indicate the data points included in the least-squares computations to give the fitted dashed lines. Click on the image to view in full size. Figure 2. Sample Gran plots using data from "an on-line source"