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The value of LD 50 for a substance is the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified test duration. LD 50 figures are frequently used as a general indicator of a substance's acute toxicity. A lower LD 50 is indicative of higher toxicity. The term LD 50 is generally attributed to John William Trevan. [2]
A linear no-threshold model is commonly used for illustrating the probability of cancer development from radiation. There is no threshold value at which stochastic health effects start emerging. [25] Only for non-cancer health outcomes, there is an assumption of the presence of a safety margin below which no negative biological effect is ...
Reflect the stage of cancer; By determining the stage of cancer, it's possible to give a prognosis and treatment plan. [3] Screening for cancers; No screening test is wholly specific, and a high level of tumor marker can still be found in benign tumors. The only tumor marker currently used in screening is PSA (prostate-specific antigen ...
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. [1] Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity).
The term childhood disease refers to disease that is contracted or becomes symptomatic before the age of 18 or 21 years old. Many of these diseases can also be contracted by adults. Some childhood diseases include:
Children are more sensitive to elevated blood lead levels than adults are. [254] Children may also have a higher intake of lead than adults; they breathe faster and may be more likely to have contact with and ingest soil. [125] Children of ages one to three tend to have the highest blood lead levels, possibly because at that age they begin to ...
The survival rate for children under the age of 5 years with ALL was 94% during the same time period. [29] Prognostic factors in ALL: Age at diagnosis: Children between the ages of 1–9 years with B-cell ALL (a specific type of ALL) have better cure rates than children less than 1 year old or over 10 years old. This does not seem to matter in ...
When PSA screening began in the 1980s, cases of prostate cancer rose by 26% between 1986-2005, with the most affected age group being men under the age of 50. [37] Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease , and the cancer will grow aggressively in approximately 1 in 3 cases.