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The English Civil War began (see timeline of the English Civil War). 1649: January: Trial and execution of Charles I: 1649: Interregnum began with the First Commonwealth. 1650 4 November William III, the future king of England (r. 1689-1702), is born to parents William II of Orange and Mary of England. 1653–1659
Commonwealth of England: Cromwellian conquest of Ireland: 1653: Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland 1660: Kingdom of England: Kingdom of Scotland: Kingdom of Ireland: Penal Laws Revolution of 1688 Battle of the Boyne: 1707: Kingdom of Great Britain: Acts of Union 1707 Battle of Culloden Irish Rebellion of 1798: 1801: United Kingdom of ...
[[Category:Historical period templates]] to the <includeonly> section at the bottom of that page. Otherwise, add <noinclude>[[Category:Historical period templates]]</noinclude> to the end of the template code, making sure it starts on the same line as the code's last character.
The term Commonwealth is sometimes used for the whole of 1649 to 1660 – called by some the Interregnum – although for other historians, the use of the term is limited to the years prior to Cromwell's formal assumption of power in 1653. In retrospect, the period of republican rule for England was a failure in the short term.
This is a timeline of British history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of England, History of Wales, History of Scotland, History of Ireland, Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and History of the United Kingdom
However, England entered the period known as the English Interregnum or the English Commonwealth with a republican government eventually led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland.
The Protectorate, officially the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, was the English form of government lasting from 16 December 1653 to 25 May 1659, under which the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, with their associated territories were joined together in the Commonwealth of England, governed by a Lord Protector.
To change this template's initial visibility, the |state= parameter may be used: {{Periods in English history | state = collapsed}} will show the template collapsed, i.e. hidden apart from its title bar. {{Periods in English history | state = expanded}} will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.