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  2. Commonwealth of England - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England

    The term Commonwealth is sometimes used for the whole of 1649 to 1660 – called by some the Interregnum – although for other historians, the use of the term is limited to the years prior to Cromwell's formal assumption of power in 1653. In retrospect, the period of republican rule for England was a failure in the short term.

  3. Timeline of English history - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history

    The English Civil War began (see timeline of the English Civil War). 1649: January: Trial and execution of Charles I: 1649: Interregnum began with the First Commonwealth. 1650 4 November William III, the future king of England (r. 1689-1702), is born to parents William II of Orange and Mary of England. 1653–1659

  4. Charles II of England - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England

    However, England entered the period known as the English Interregnum or the English Commonwealth with a republican government eventually led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland.

  5. The Protectorate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Protectorate

    The Protectorate, officially the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, was the English form of government lasting from 16 December 1653 to 25 May 1659, under which the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, with their associated territories were joined together in the Commonwealth of England, governed by a Lord Protector.

  6. History of the monarchy of the United Kingdom - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_monarchy_of...

    At first, every member of the Commonwealth retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom, but when the Dominion of India became a republic in 1950, it would no longer share in a common monarchy. Instead, the British monarch was acknowledged as "Head of the Commonwealth" in all Commonwealth member states, whether they were realms or republics ...

  7. Commonwealth and Protectorate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_and_Protectorate

    The Commonwealth and Protectorate (1649–1660) refers to the kingless governments of England (including Wales and Cornwall), Scotland, Great Britain and Ireland during the Interregnum between the actual reigns of the Stuart King Charles I (1625–1649) and his son King Charles II (1660–1685).

  8. Timeline of British history - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history

    This is a timeline of British history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of England, History of Wales, History of Scotland, History of Ireland, Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and History of the United Kingdom

  9. Territorial evolution of the British Empire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of...

    The British monarch is also Head of the Commonwealth, but this is a purely symbolic and personal title; members of the Commonwealth (including the Commonwealth realms) are fully sovereign states. From the 16th to the 20th centuries, the British Empire stretched from a total area at its peak in 1920 to over 35,500,000 km 2 (13,700,000 sq mi ...