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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (also PFAS, [1] PFASs, [2] and sometimes referred to as "forever chemicals" [3] [4]) are a group of synthetic organofluorine chemical compounds that have multiple fluorine atoms attached to an alkyl chain; there are 7 million such chemicals according to PubChem. [5]
It is used as a surfactant and protective coating in applications such as aqueous firefighting foams, textile coating, metal plating and in polishing agents. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] PFHxS production is slowly being phased out since 3M stopped producing C 6 fluorotelomers in 2002, but production by other companies may be ongoing. [ 4 ]
Remediation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances refers to the destruction or removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from the environment. PFASs are a group of synthetic organofluorine compounds, used in diverse products such as non-stick cookware and firefighting foams, that have attracted great concern as persistent organic pollutants.
October 2003 A report by Oregon State University's Jennifer Field which was based on "data on fluorosurfactants in groundwater at three military sites where AFFF was used to train fire responders" concluded that the "perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates found in the groundwater came from PFOS-based AFFF agents". [44]
Trifluoroacetic acid is a widely employed acid, used for example in the synthesis of peptides.Its esters are useful in analytical chemistry. Longer-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, e.g. with five to nine carbons, are useful fluorosurfactants and emulsifiers used in the production of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) and related fluoropolymers.
GenX is a Chemours trademark name for a synthetic, short-chain organofluorine chemical compound, the ammonium salt of hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA). It can also be used more informally to refer to the group of related fluorochemicals that are used to produce GenX.
Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) is a perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid with the formula C 3 F 7 CO 2 H. As the perfluorinated derivative of butyric acid , this colourless liquid is prepared by electrofluorination of the corresponding butyryl fluoride.
Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) is a fluorosurfactant and has been used in industry. [2] PFDA is a member of the group of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), more specific is it also a perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA). PFAS, like PFDA, are man-made and are not naturally occurring in nature.