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The free will theorem states: Given the axioms, if the choice about what measurement to take is not a function of the information accessible to the experimenters (free will assumption), then the results of the measurements cannot be determined by anything previous to the experiments. That is an "outcome open" theorem:
Safvet-beg Bašagić (1870-1934) was a Bosnian scholar, poet, journalist, and museum director, who assembled a collection of 284 manuscript volumes and 365 print volumes, which reflect the development of Islamic civilization from its inception to the early 20th century.
The problem of free will has been identified in ancient Greek philosophical literature. The notion of compatibilist free will has been attributed to both Aristotle (4th century BCE) and Epictetus (1st century CE): "it was the fact that nothing hindered us from doing or choosing something that made us have control over them".
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Nielsen–Schreier theorem (free groups) Orbit-stabilizer theorem (group theory) Schreier refinement theorem (group theory) Schur's lemma (representation theory) Schur–Zassenhaus theorem (group theory) Sela's theorem (hyperbolic groups) Stallings theorem about ends of groups (group theory) Superrigidity theorem (algebraic groups)
Other approaches do not require free will to be a fundamental constituent of the universe; ordinary randomness is appealed to as supplying the "elbow room" believed to be necessary by libertarians. Free volition is regarded as a particular kind of complex, high-level process with an element of indeterminism.
De libero arbitrio diatribe sive collatio was nominally written to refute a specific teaching of Martin Luther, on the question of free will. [note 1] Luther had become increasingly aggressive in his attacks on the Roman Catholic Church to well beyond irenical Erasmus' reformist agenda.
The neuroscience of free will encompasses two main fields of study: volition and agency. Volition, the study of voluntary actions, is difficult to define. [citation needed] If human actions are considered as lying along a spectrum based on conscious involvement in initiating the actions, then reflexes would be on one end, and fully voluntary actions would be on the other. [17]