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In chemistry a divergent synthesis is a strategy with the aim to improve the efficiency of chemical synthesis. It is often an alternative to convergent synthesis or linear synthesis. In one strategy divergent synthesis aims to generate a library of chemical compounds by first reacting a molecule with a set of reactants. The next generation of ...
Each generation contains two types of leptons and two types of quarks. The two leptons may be classified into one with electric charge −1 (electron-like) and neutral (neutrino); the two quarks may be classified into one with charge − 1 ⁄ 3 (down-type) and one with charge + 2 ⁄ 3 (up-type).
Likewise, when there is a deficit of carriers (i.e., <), the generation rate becomes greater than the recombination rate, again driving the system back towards equilibrium. [1] As the electron moves from one energy band to another, the energy and momentum that it has lost or gained must go to or come from the other particles involved in the ...
For example, in copper 29 Cu, according to the Madelung rule, the 4s subshell (n + l = 4 + 0 = 4) is occupied before the 3d subshell (n + l = 3 + 2 = 5). The rule then predicts the electron configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 9 4s 2, abbreviated [Ar] 3d 9 4s 2 where [Ar] denotes the configuration of argon, the preceding noble gas.
In organic chemistry, arynes [1] and benzynes [2] are a class of highly reactive chemical species derived from an aromatic ring by removal of two substituents. Arynes are examples of didehydroarenes (1,2-didehydroarenes in this case), although 1,3- and 1,4-didehydroarenes are also known. [3] [4] [5] Arynes are examples of alkynes under high strain.
In chemistry, a nitrene or imene (R−:Ṅ·) is the nitrogen analogue of a carbene. The nitrogen atom is uncharged and monovalent, [1] so it has only 6 electrons in its valence level—two covalent bonded and four non-bonded electrons. It is therefore considered an electrophile due to the unsatisfied octet.
2 cf 2 → f 2 c=cf 2 The insertion of carbenes into C–H bonds has been exploited widely, e.g. the functionalization of polymeric materials [ 23 ] and electro-curing of adhesives . [ 24 ] Many applications rely on synthetic 3-aryl-3-trifluoromethyl diazirines [ 25 ] [ 26 ] (a carbene precursor that can be activated by heat, [ 27 ] light, [ 26 ...
1,2,3-Triazoles, also known as vicinal triazoles, are usually prepared following (3+2) cycloaddition protocols. A common technique for unsubstituted triazoles is the Huisgen azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition: a azide and an alkyne react at high temperature to form a ring. However, the Huisgen strategy produces a mixture of isomers ...