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Autophagy degrades damaged organelles, cell membranes and proteins, and insufficient autophagy is thought to be one of the main reasons for the accumulation of damaged cells and aging. [87] Autophagy and autophagy regulators are involved in response to lysosomal damage, often directed by galectins such as galectin-3 and galectin-8 .
It is the key structure in macroautophagy, the intracellular degradation system for cytoplasmic contents (e.g., abnormal intracellular proteins, excess or damaged organelles, invading microorganisms). After formation, autophagosomes deliver cytoplasmic components to the lysosomes.
The cytoplasm and vacuole of cells are two very important organelles, designed to carry out many biological cell functions. The cytoplasm of a cell fills the interior spaces of a cell and is responsible for holding organelles in place, protecting the cell and is where many biochemical interactions occur-including transport, and protein folding. [1]
Autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATG5 gene located on chromosome 6. It is an E3 ubi autophagic cell death. ATG5 is a key protein involved in the extension of the phagophoric membrane in autophagic vesicles. It is activated by ATG7 and forms a complex with ATG12 and ATG16L1.
Programmed cell death (PCD; sometimes referred to as cellular suicide [1]) is the death of a cell as a result of events inside of a cell, such as apoptosis or autophagy. [2] [3] PCD is carried out in a biological process, which usually confers advantage during an organism's lifecycle.
Autophagy (from Greek words for "self" and "eating") is a process of digesting or degrading cytoplasmic molecules (proteins, lipids, sugars and organelles). Macroautophagy is the main autophagic pathway, used primarily to eradicate damaged cell organelles such as mitochondria , [ 6 ] ribosomes, etc., which helps in supplying amino acids and ...
Atg8 is one of the key molecular components involved in autophagy, the cellular process mediating the lysosome/vacuole-dependent turnover of macromolecules and organelles. [5] Autophagy is induced upon nutrient depletion or rapamycin treatment and leads to the response of more than 30 autophagy-related (ATG) genes known so far, including ATG8.
In eukaryotes, mevalonate is phosphorylated twice in the 5-OH position, then decarboxylated to yield IPP. [4] In some archaea such as Haloferax volcanii, mevalonate is phosphorylated once in the 5-OH position, decarboxylated to yield isopentenyl phosphate (IP), and finally phosphorylated again to yield IPP (Archaeal Mevalonate Pathway I). [5]