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Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, α-fetoprotein; also sometimes called alpha-1-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoglobulin, or alpha fetal protein) is a protein [5] [6] that in humans is encoded by the AFP gene. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The AFP gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 4 (4q13.3). [ 9 ]
Elevated alpha-fetoprotein refers to a state where alpha-fetoprotein levels are outside of the reference range. There are two categories of AFP tests: tests performed on serum (blood plasma), and tests performed on amniotic fluid. Tests performed on serum are further categorized by the reason for performing the test: maternal serum, adult tumor ...
These proteins are often measurable in the blood of individuals with cancer and may be used to both diagnose and follow treatment of the tumors. One example of an oncofetal antigen is alpha-fetoprotein , which is produced by hepatocellular carcinoma and some germ cell tumors .
Alphafetoprotein (AFP) Germ cell tumors. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Bowel cancers: Occasional lung or breast cancer CA-125: Ovarian cancer: MUC-1: Breast cancer: Epithelial tumor antigen (ETA) Breast cancer: Tyrosinase: Malignant melanoma: normally present in minute quantities; greatly elevated levels in melanoma
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) germ cell tumor, hepatocellular carcinoma [9] CA15-3: breast cancer [10] CA27.29: breast cancer [11] CA19-9: Mainly pancreatic cancer, but also colorectal cancer and other types of gastrointestinal cancer. [12] CA-125
Males with pure embryonal carcinoma tend to have a normal amount of the protein alpha-fetoprotein in the fluid component of their blood. The finding of elevated amounts of alpha-fetoprotein is more suggestive of a mixed germ cell tumour, with the alpha-fetoprotein being released by the yolk sac tumour component. [citation needed]
The actor Olivia Munn, 44, said she was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2023. MICHAEL TRAN/AFP via Getty Images. The trend, building for years, reached a tipping point in 2021.
Multiple births by a woman are strongly associated with a lower risk of developing breast cancer later in her life. [3] One of the contributing factors for this association appears to be the alpha fetoprotein (AFP) produced by the fetal liver, which crosses the placenta and enters into the maternal circulation. [4]