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A rapid ion-exchange reaction proceeds that depletes the inside surface of alkali, and is performed when the glass is at high temperature, usually on the order of 500–650 °C or greater. [4] Historically, sulfur-containing compounds were the first materials used to dealkalize glass containers.
Sulfur dioxide is the product of the burning of sulfur or of burning materials that contain sulfur: S 8 + 8 O 2 → 8 SO 2 , ΔH = −297 kJ/mol To aid combustion, liquified sulfur (140–150 °C (284–302 °F) is sprayed through an atomizing nozzle to generate fine drops of sulfur with a large surface area.
Manganese dioxide, which is black, is used to remove the green color from the glass; in a very slow process this is converted to sodium permanganate, a dark purple compound. In New England some houses built more than 300 years ago have window glass which is lightly tinted violet because of this chemical change, and such glass panes are prized ...
Chemical reactions of composition or decomposition of molecules take place, resulting in significant off-gassing during this phase. Hydrates, carbonates, nitrates and sulfates recompose to form the glass paste with the vitrifying elements, giving rise to gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and others.
The action of the electron beam is to promote the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur(VI) compounds. The ammonia reacts with the sulfur compounds thus formed to produce ammonium sulfate, which can be used as a nitrogenous fertilizer. In addition, it can be used to lower the nitrogen oxide content of the flue gas.
The lead chamber process was an industrial method used to produce sulfuric acid in large quantities. It has been largely supplanted by the contact process.. In 1746 in Birmingham, England, John Roebuck began producing sulfuric acid in lead-lined chambers, which were stronger and less expensive and could be made much larger than the glass containers that had been used previously.
The Ripper Method, developed in 1898, [1] is an analytical chemistry technique used to determine the total amount of sulfur dioxide (SO 2) in a solution.This technique uses iodine standard and a starch indicator to titrate the solution and determine the concentration of free SO 2.
The Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction is an organic reaction converting an α-halo sulfone into an alkene in presence of a base with extrusion of sulfur dioxide. The reaction is named after the two Swedish chemists Ludwig Ramberg and Birger Bäcklund.