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The Papanicolaou test (abbreviated as Pap test, also known as Pap smear (AE), [1] cervical smear (BE), cervical screening (BE), [2] or smear test (BE)) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially precancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb) or, more rarely, anus (in both men and women). [3]
Papanicolaou stain showing a low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) from a Pap test. Cell nuclei stained blue. Papanicolaou stain (also Papanicolaou's stain and Pap stain) is a multichromatic (multicolored) cytological staining technique developed by George Papanicolaou in 1942.
Georgios Nikolaou Papanikolaou (or George Papanicolaou / ˌ p æ p ə ˈ n ɪ k ə l aʊ /; Greek: Γεώργιος Ν. Παπανικολάου [papanikoˈlau]; 13 May 1883 – 19 February 1962) was a Greek physician, zoologist and microscopist who was a pioneer in cytopathology and early cancer detection, and inventor of the pap smear for detection of cervical cancer.
Andromachi "Mary" Mavrogeni Papanikolaou [note 1] (1890-13 October 1982) was a Greek laboratory technician and the wife of Georgios Papanikolaou, the Greek pathologist who independently invented the pap test. For 21 years, Mary Papanikolaou volunteered to have her cervix sampled and smeared by her husband to help with his efforts to create the ...
VAIN can be detected by the presence of abnormal cells in a Papanicolaou test (Pap smear). [2] Like cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, VAIN comes in three stages, VAIN 1, 2, and 3. [3] In VAIN 1, a third of the thickness of the cells in the vaginal skin are abnormal, while in VAIN 3, the full thickness is affected. [3]
In England, the NHS cervical screening programme is available to women aged 25 to 64; women aged 25 to 49 receive an invitation every 3 years and women aged 50 to 64 receive an invitation every 5 years to undergo HPV testing. [15] [16] If there is a positive HPV test result, then patients undergo further cytology (Pap smear). [15]
An Ayre spatula (bottom) with a slide holding bottle. The Ayre spatula is a device used to collect Pap smear.It is a wooden spatula with U-shaped openings on one side and a flat surface on another. [1]
It was introduced in 1988 [2] and revised in 1991, [3] 2001, [1] [4] [5] and 2014. [6] The name comes from the location ( Bethesda, Maryland ) of the conference, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health , that established the system.