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The weak nuclear force is now a short-range force as it separates from electromagnetic force, so matter particles can acquire mass and interact with the Higgs Field. The temperature is still too high for quarks to coalesce into hadrons, and the quark–gluon plasma persists (Quark epoch). The universe cools to 10 15 kelvin. [citation needed]
The fusion of nuclei occurred between roughly 10 seconds to 20 minutes after the Big Bang; this corresponds to the temperature range when the universe was cool enough for deuterium to survive, but hot and dense enough for fusion reactions to occur at a significant rate. [1] It was widespread, encompassing the entire observable universe.
1871 Dmitri Mendeleyev systematically examines the periodic table and predicts the existence of gallium, scandium, and germanium; 1873 Johannes van der Waals introduces the idea of weak attractive forces between molecules; 1874 George Johnstone Stoney hypothesizes a minimum unit of electric charge. In 1891, he coins the word electron for it;
The thermal energy at the peak of the blackbody spectrum is the Boltzmann constant, k B, times the temperature, () but simply comparing this to the ionization energy of hydrogen atoms will not consider the spectrum of energies. A better estimate evaluates the thermal equilibrium between matter (atoms) and radiation.
In physical cosmology, the electroweak epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe when the temperature of the universe had fallen enough that the strong force separated from the electronuclear interaction, but was still high enough for electromagnetism and the weak interaction to remain merged into a single electroweak interaction above the critical temperature for electroweak ...
In the following table, the use row is the value recommended for use in other Wikipedia pages in order to maintain ... Journal of Low Temperature Physics. 23 (1 ...
The Stelliferous Era, is defined as, "6 < n < 14". This is the current era, in which matter is arranged in the form of stars, galaxies, and galaxy clusters, and most energy is produced in stars. Stars will be the most dominant objects of the universe in this era. Massive stars use up their fuel very rapidly, in as little as a few million years.
Group → 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18; ↓ Period 1: H 2 20.271 K (−252.879 °C) He 4.222 K (−268.928 °C) 2: Li 1603 K (1330 °C) Be 2742 K ...