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  2. Landau levels - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau_levels

    The effects of Landau levels may only be observed when the mean thermal energy kT is smaller than the energy level separation, , meaning low temperatures and strong magnetic fields. Each Landau level is degenerate because of the second quantum number k y {\displaystyle k_{y}} , which can take the values k y = 2 π N L y , {\displaystyle k_{y ...

  3. Electronic properties of graphene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_properties_of...

    The graphene sheet thus displays a semimetallic (or zero-gap semiconductor) character. Two of the six Dirac points are independent, while the rest are equivalent by symmetry. In the vicinity of the K-points the energy depends linearly on the wave vector, similar to a relativistic particle.

  4. Graphene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene

    Graphene's Hall conductivity is = (+ /) /, where N is the Landau level and the double valley and double spin degeneracies give the factor of 4. [2] These anomalies are present not only at extremely low temperatures but also at room temperature, i.e. at roughly 20 °C (293 K).

  5. File:Graphene - Geim - Landau levels.svg - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Graphene_-_Geim...

    English: Landau levels in graphene appear at energies proportional to √N, in contrast to the standard sequence that goes as N+½. After Geim and Novoselov arXiv:cond-mat/0702595 After Geim and Novoselov arXiv:cond-mat/0702595

  6. Shubnikov–de Haas effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shubnikov–de_Haas_effect

    Fig 1 shows the Fermi energy E F located in between [1] two Landau levels. Electrons become mobile as their energy levels cross the Fermi energy E F. With the Fermi energy E F in between two Landau levels, scattering of electrons will occur only at the edges of a sample where the levels are bent. The corresponding electron states are commonly ...

  7. Adhesive bonding of semiconductor wafers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive_bonding_of...

    There are three major requirements of creating a desirable surface for adhesive bonding of plastics: the weak boundary layer of the given material must be removed or chemically modified to create a strong boundary layer; the surface energy of the adherend should be higher than the surface energy of the adhesive for good wetting; and the surface profile can be improved to provide mechanical ...

  8. Two-dimensional electron gas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional_electron_gas

    The two-dimensional electron system in graphene can be tuned to either a 2DEG or 2DHG (2-D hole gas) by gating or chemical doping. This has been a topic of current research due to the versatile (some existing but mostly envisaged) applications of graphene. [2] A separate class of heterostructures that can host 2DEGs are oxides.

  9. Graphene morphology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene_morphology

    A graphene morphology is any of the structures related to, and formed from, single sheets of graphene. 'Graphene' is typically used to refer to the crystalline monolayer of the naturally occurring material graphite. Due to quantum confinement of electrons within the material at these low dimensions, small differences in graphene morphology can ...