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By order of Pope Hormisdas (514–23), Dionysius made a third collection, in which he included the original text of all the canons of the Greek councils, together with a Latin version of the same; but the preface alone has survived. Finally, he combined the first and second in one collection, which thus united the canons of the councils and the ...
The Eastern Orthodox Church, principally through the work of 18th-century Athonite monastic scholar Nicodemus the Hagiorite, has compiled canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the Pēdálion (Ancient Greek: Πηδάλιον, 'Rudder'), so named because it is meant to "steer" the Church in her discipline. The dogmatic ...
In the fourth century, the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the church and the legislative measures taken by the state called leges , Latin for laws.
Gratian himself raises questions and brings forward difficulties, which he answers by quoting auctoritates, i. e. canons of councils, decretals of the popes, texts of the Scripture or of the Fathers. These are the canones ; the entire remaining portion, even the summaries of the canons and the chronological indications, are called the maxims or ...
Eastern patriarchates of the Pentarchy, after the Council of Chalcedon (451). Patriarchate (/ ˈ p eɪ t r i ɑːr k ɪ t,-k eɪ t /, UK also / ˈ p æ t r i-/; [1] Ancient Greek: πατριαρχεῖον, patriarcheîon) is an ecclesiological term in Christianity, designating the office and jurisdiction of an ecclesiastical patriarch.
Athens valued justice and they had many different reforms as different challenges arose. The Athenian law court was large and decisions were made by majority. This is what gave the courts such a specific and personal feel, since a large group of people were allowed to exercise democratic voting rights. [ 2 ]
The word "canon" comes from the Greek kanon, which in its original usage denoted a straight rod, was later used for a measuring stick, and eventually came to mean a rule or norm. [22] In 325, when the first ecumenical council, Nicaea I , was held, kanon started to obtain the restricted juridical denotation of a law promulgated by a synod or ...
Greek historians of the fourth century BC accepted that history was political and that contemporary history was the proper domain of a historian. [67] Cicero calls Herodotus the "father of history"; [ 68 ] yet the Greek writer Plutarch, in his Moralia ( Ethics ) denigrated Herodotus, notably calling him a philobarbaros , a "barbarian lover", to ...