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  2. Maqta' - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqta'

    He can "talk to himself", "to somebody else", "refer to something" etc. For example Firaq Gorakhpuri, whose takhallus is the word for the common theme in Urdu poetry of the state of pining for the beloved, plays on his pen name and the word firaq: Urdu: تو یہ نہ سمجھنا کے فِراق تیری فِراق میں ہیں

  3. Diglossia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglossia

    The high variety may be an older stage of the same language (as in medieval Europe, where Latin (H) remained in formal use even as colloquial speech (L) diverged), an unrelated language, or a distinct yet closely related present-day dialect (as in northern India and Pakistan, where Hindustani (L) is used alongside the standard registers of ...

  4. Kleptocracy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptocracy

    According to L.K. Samuels, one reason governmental bodies subscribe to theft-prone policies is to lay the groundwork for the socialization of labor and property, thus permitting kleptocrats to make a populace "subservient to an institutionalized authority."

  5. Conflict (process) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_(process)

    The feud, a weakly institutionalized conflict, has some rules that are recognized by the parties to the conflict (e.g., existence of a legitimate feud reason, formal announcement, procedure, etc.), all signs of institutionalization, but on the other hand, the conflict is handled by the parties to the conflict themselves (no social ...

  6. Urdu Informatics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_Informatics

    Other institutional contributions also relate to the use of Urdu for internet applications, input controls, dynamic association of keyboard buttons to Urdu alphabets and use of proper character coding schemes.

  7. List of English words of Hindi or Urdu origin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_of...

    from Hindi पश्मीना, Urdu پشمينه, ultimately from Persian پشمينه. Punch from Hindi and Urdu panch پانچ, meaning "five". The drink was originally made with five ingredients: alcohol, sugar, lemon, water, and tea or spices. [15] [16] The original drink was named paantsch. Pundit

  8. Onomasiology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomasiology

    institutionalized and non-institutionalized linguistic pre- and proscriptivism; flattery; insult; disguising things (i.e. euphemistic language, doublespeak) taboo; avoidance of words that are phonetically similar or identical to negatively associated words; abolition of forms that can be ambiguous in many contexts; wordplay/puns; excessive ...

  9. Matla' - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matla'

    In Persian, Turkic and Urdu poetry, the matla ' (from Arabic مطلع maṭlaʿ; Persian: مطلع; Azerbaijani: mətlə; Turkish: matla; Uzbek: matla; Urdu: مطلع) is the first bayt, or couplet, of a ghazal. [1] [2] In this sense, it is the opposite of the maqta'.