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The higher the quantity of other components, the lower the melting point and the broader will be the melting point range, often referred to as the "pasty range". The temperature at which melting begins for a mixture is known as the solidus while the temperature where melting is complete is called the liquidus .
Refractory metals have high melting points, with tungsten and rhenium the highest of all elements, and the other's melting points only exceeded by osmium and iridium, and the sublimation of carbon. These high melting points define most of their applications. All the metals are body-centered cubic except rhenium which is hexagonal close-packed.
The Gmelin rare earths handbook lists 1522 °C and 1550 °C as two melting points given in the literature, the most recent reference [Handbook on the chemistry and physics of rare earths, vol.12 (1989)] is given with 1529 °C.
Tungsten's high melting point makes tungsten a good material for applications like rocket nozzles, for example in the UGM-27 Polaris submarine-launched ballistic missile. [82] Tungsten alloys are used in a wide range of applications, including the aerospace and automotive industries and radiation shielding. [83]
Hafnium carbide is the most refractory binary compound known, with a melting point of 3890 °C. [8] [9] The ternary compound tantalum hafnium carbide has one of the highest melting points of all known compounds (4215 °C). [10] [11] Molybdenum disilicide has a high melting point of 2030 °C and is often used as a heating element.
These two impurities are thus removed by running an electromagnet over the mixture. Because platinum has a higher melting point than most other substances, many impurities can be burned or melted away without melting the platinum. Finally, platinum is resistant to hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, whereas other substances are readily attacked by ...
Hafnium carbonitride (HfCN) is an ultra-high temperature ceramic (UHTC) mixed anion compound composed of hafnium (Hf), carbon (C) and nitrogen (N).. Ab initio molecular dynamics calculations have predicted the HfCN (specifically the HfC 0.75 N 0.22 phase) to have a melting point of 4,110 ± 62 °C (4,048–4,172 °C, 7,318–7,542 °F, 4,321–4,445 K), [3] highest known for any material.
Hafnium diboride also suffers from high susceptibility to material degradation with boron transmutation, [70] but its high melting point of 3,380 °C and the large thermal neutron capture cross section of hafnium of 113 barns and low reactivity with refractory metals such as tungsten makes it an attractive control rod material when clad with a ...