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Another type of normalization is based on a measure of loudness, wherein the gain is changed to bring the average loudness to a target level. This average may be approximate, such as a simple measurement of average power (e.g. RMS), or more accurate, such as a measure that addresses human perception e.g. that defined by EBU R128 and offered by ReplayGain, Sound Check and GoldWave.
EBU R 128 is a recommendation for loudness normalisation and maximum level of audio signals. It is primarily followed during audio mixing of television and radio programmes and adopted by broadcasters to measure and control programme loudness. [1]
Loudness, K-weighted, relative to full scale (LKFS) is a standard loudness measurement unit used for audio normalization in broadcast television systems and other video and music streaming services. [1] [2] [3] LKFS is standardized in ITU-R BS.1770.
It was originally developed by American company Da Vinci Systems under the name da Vinci Resolve until 2009, when Blackmagic Design acquired the company. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In addition to the commercial version of the software (known as DaVinci Resolve Studio), Blackmagic Design also distributes a free edition with reduced functionality, simply named ...
The Lindos sequence test system is now a 'de facto' standard [citation needed] in broadcasting and many other areas of audio testing, with over 25 different segments recognized by Lindos test sets, and the EBU standard is no longer used.
MUSHRA stands for Multiple Stimuli with Hidden Reference and Anchor and is a methodology for conducting a codec listening test to evaluate the perceived quality of the output from lossy audio compression algorithms. It is defined by ITU-R recommendation BS.1534-3. [1] The MUSHRA methodology is recommended for assessing "intermediate audio quality".
Dialnorm is the metadata parameter that controls playback gain within the Dolby Laboratories Dolby Digital (AC-3) audio compression system. Dialnorm stands for dialog normalization. [ 1 ] Dialnorm is an integer value with range 1 to 31 corresponding to a playback gain of −30 to 0 dB (unity) respectively.
An audio analyzer is a test and measurement instrument used to objectively quantify the audio performance of electronic and electro-acoustical devices. Audio quality metrics cover a wide variety of parameters, including level, gain, noise, harmonic and intermodulation distortion, frequency response, relative phase of signals, interchannel crosstalk, and more.