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In physics, mean free path is the average distance over which a moving particle (such as an atom, a molecule, or a photon) travels before substantially changing its direction or energy (or, in a specific context, other properties), typically as a result of one or more successive collisions with other particles.
Universal curve for the electron inelastic mean free path in elements based on equation (5) in. [1] If a monochromatic , primary beam of electrons is incident on a solid surface, the majority of incident electrons lose their energy because they interact strongly with matter , leading to plasmon excitation, electron-hole pair formation, and ...
In air at STP the mean free path of molecules is about 96 nm. Since electrons are much smaller, their average distance between colliding with molecules is about 5.6 times longer, or about 0.5 μm. This is a substantial fraction of the 7.5 μm spacing between the electrodes for minimal arc voltage.
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The mean free time for a molecule in a fluid is the average time between collisions. The mean free path of the molecule is the product of the average speed and the mean free time. [ 1 ] These concepts are used in the kinetic theory of gases to compute transport coefficients such as the viscosity .
The Knudsen number is a dimensionless number defined as =, where = mean free path [L 1], = representative physical length scale [L 1].. The representative length scale considered, , may correspond to various physical traits of a system, but most commonly relates to a gap length over which thermal transport or mass transport occurs through a gas phase.
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Free molecular flow describes the fluid dynamics of gas where the mean free path of the molecules is larger than the size of the chamber or of the object under test. For tubes/objects of the size of several cm, this means pressures well below 10 −3 mbar .