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Microexpressions express the seven universal emotions: disgust, anger, fear, sadness, happiness, contempt, and surprise. Nevertheless, in the 1990s, Paul Ekman expanded his list of emotions, including a range of positive and negative emotions not all of which are encoded in facial muscles. These emotions are amusement, embarrassment, anxiety ...
Discrete emotion theory is the claim that there is a small number of core emotions.For example, Silvan Tomkins (1962, 1963) concluded that there are nine basic affects which correspond with what we come to know as emotions: interest, enjoyment, surprise, distress, fear, anger, shame, dissmell (reaction to bad smell) and disgust.
1280 videos and over 250 images Color 720* 576 AU label for the image frame with apex facial expression in each image sequence Posed and Spontaneous Belfast Database [8] Set 1 (disgust, fear, amusement, frustration, surprise) 114 570 video clips Color 720*576 Natural Emotion Set 2 (disgust, fear, amusement, frustration, surprise, anger, sadness) 82
A popular example is Paul Ekman and his colleagues' cross-cultural study of 1992, in which they concluded that the six basic emotions are anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. [2] Ekman explains that there are particular characteristics attached to each of these emotions, allowing them to be expressed in varying degrees in a ...
Paul Ekman (born February 15, 1934) [1] is an American psychologist and professor emeritus at the University of California, San Francisco who is a pioneer in the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions. [2]
The expressions of emotion that Ekman noted as most universal based on research are: anger, fear, disgust, sadness, and enjoyment. [5] A common view is that facial expressions initially served a non-communicative adaptive function.
Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. [46] Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions.
In 1960s, Paul Ekman an American psychologist, set out to visit people from different nations (including an isolated indigenous tribe in Papua New Guinea) to study non-verbal behavior across cultures. His research supported Darwin's findings–that facial expressions and emotions are universal–as people from diverse cultural backgrounds had ...