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Sparta placed the values of liberty, equality, and fraternity at the center of their ethical system. These values applied to every full Spartan citizen, immigrant, merchant, and even to the helots, but not the dishonored. Helots are unique in the history of slavery in that, unlike traditional slaves, they were allowed to keep and gain wealth ...
Invoking the notion of preparedness, Haidt and Joseph claimed that each of the ethics formed a cognitive module, whose development was shaped by culture. [ 1 ] [ 20 ] They wrote that each module could "provide little more than flashes of affect when certain patterns are encountered in the social world", while a cultural learning process shaped ...
Müller's emphasis on the northern origins and racial qualities of the Spartans later fed into the development of Nordicism, the theory of the superiority of a North European Master Race. Later German writers regularly portrayed the Spartans as a model for the modern Prussian state , which also emphasised military self-discipline.
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's values orientation theory (put forward in 1961 [1]) proposes that all human societies must answer a limited number of universal problems, that the value-based solutions are limited in number and universally known, but that different cultures have different preferences among them.
Sparta played no active part in the Achaean War in 146 BC when the Achaean League was defeated by the Roman general Lucius Mummius. Subsequently, Sparta became a free city under Roman rule, some of the institutions of Lycurgus were restored, [64] and the city became a tourist attraction for the Roman elite who came to observe exotic Spartan ...
Flexibility is a personality trait that describes the extent to which a person can cope with changes in circumstances and think about problems and tasks in novel, creative ways. [1] This trait comes into play when stressors or unexpected events occur, requiring that a person change their stance, outlook, or commitment.
For over 150 years, Sparta became the dominant land power of Greece, with the Spartiates hoplites serving as the minority core of its army. To maintain the social system of the city, it was necessary to have a force ready to oppose helot uprisings, which had occurred several times in the classical period.
These principles are based upon normative rules, values and needs of individuals, understanding ethics within cultural communication and overcoming pre-existing cultural assumptions towards one another. For these purposes, culture is a shared system of symbols, beliefs, attitudes, values, expectations, and norms of behaviour. [3]